U.S. Football Terms in Spanish

Everywhere in the Spanish-speaking world, fà ºtbol is that sport known in the United States as soccer. If you want to talk about what people in the U.S. mean when they say football, the term is usually fà ºtbol americano. U.S.-style football is perhaps the most popular U.S. spectator sport that hasnt exported well. So it shouldnt come as  a surprise that many of the key English terms for the sport, especially ones such as touchdown that dont have an equivalent in other games, have entered the Spanish lexicon unchanged. Others have been borrowed from other sports: Offside is fuera de juego, just as in soccer. And then there are a few calques as well, such as gol de campo for field goal. Glossary of Football Terms in Spanish Following are the Spanish translations of many common football terms as used by the National Football League, U.S. sports TV networks, Fundà ©u BBVA, and other sources. blitz — la cargablock — el bloqueo, la bloqueada, bloquearbye — el descanso, la fecha librecenter — el centrocheerleader — la cheerleader, la animadorachin strap — el barbuquejocleat — el taco de la botaEl pase pantalla clà ¡sico comienza con formacià ³n de carrera.clipping — el clipping, el bloqueo ilegal por atrà ¡scoach — el entrenadorcornerback — el esquinerodead ball — el balà ³n muertodefense — la defensadefensive end — el exterior defensivodown — el down, el intento, la oportunidaddrive — el drive, la serie ofensivaend zone — la zona de anotacià ³n, la zona final,  detrà ¡s de las diagonalesface mask — la mà ¡scara, la barrafield goal — el gol de campofirst/second/third/fourth and ten — primero/segundo/tercero/cuarto y diezfootball (the ball) — el balà ³n, el ovoidefootball (the game) — el fà ºtbol americanoformation â₠¬â€ la formacià ³nfoul — la faltafullbac — corredor de poderfumble — el balà ³n libre, el balà ³n suelto, el balà ³n perdidogoal — el golgoalpost — el posteguard — el guardiahalfback — el corredor rà ¡pidohalftime — el intermedio, el descanso, entre tiemposhelmet — el cascohuddle — pelotà ³n, la pià ±ainterception — la intercepcià ³n, la interceptacià ³ninterference — la interferenciajersey — la camiseta, el jerseykickoff — la patada, el saqueline of scrimmage — la là ­nea de golpeo, là ­nea de ataqueleague — la ligalocker room — el vestuarioneutral zone — la zona neutraloffense — el ataqueoffside — fuera de juego, la posicià ³n adelantadaout of bounds — fuera de là ­mites, fuera del campoovertime — el suplementario, el tiempo extrapass (completed, incompleted) — el pase, el lanzamiento (completo, incompleto)pe nalty — la infraccià ³nplaying field — el campo, el terrenoplayoff — el partido de desempartepoint — el puntopoint after touchdown — el punto extra, el punto adicionalpossession — la posesià ³npreseason — la pretemporadapunt — el depeja, la patada de despeja, despejar, patear un despejepunter — el despejadorquarter — el quartoquarterback — el pasador, el lanzador, el mariscal de camporecord — el rà ©cordreferee — el à ¡rbitroregular season — la temporada regular, la campaà ±areturn — la devolucià ³n;, el retornoroughing — la rudezarun — la carrerasack — el sack, el placaje al lanzador, la capturasafety — el safety, la autoanotacià ³nshoulder pad — la hombrerasideline — la bandaslotback — el receptor libresnap — el snap, el saque, el centro, el intercambiostandings — la clasificacià ³n, la tabla de posicionessu dden death — el muerte sà ºbitaSuper Bowl — el Super Bowl, el Sà ºper Tazà ³n, la Sà ºper Copatackle (action) — la parada, la atajada, la derribada, el placaje, la tacleada, el derribotackle (player) — el tackleteam — el equipotee — el base, el apoyo, el teethigh pad — la musleratight end — el receptor cerradotouchback — el touchbacktouchdown — el touchdown, la anotacià ³nturnover — la perdidas de balà ³nunsportsmanlike conduct — conducta antideportivawide receiver — el receptor abiertowildcard — el equipo comodà ­n (a comodà ­n in playing cards is the joker)yard (unit of measurement) — la yardayellow flag — el paà ±uelo amarillo Sample Spanish Sentences About Football Una patada corta es un tipo especial de kickoff que se usa cuando el equipo ofensivo necesita recuperar el balà ³n para seguir atacando. (And onside kick is a special type of kickoff used when the offense needs to recover the ball in order to continue its drive.) La muerte sà ºbita consiste en que el primero que marque un gol, à ©se gana. (Sudden death means that the first to make a goal gains the victory.) Un pase de 19 yardas de Matt Ryan a Austin Hooper puso el marcador 14-0 en favor de los Falcons en el Super Bowl. (A 19-yard pass from Matt Ryan to Austin Hooper put the score 14-0 in favor of the Falcons in the Super Bowl.) El pase pantalla clà ¡sico comienza con formacià ³n de carrera. (The classing screen pass begins with a running formation.)

Research Proposal on Aviation Accidents

Policies, Procedures, Rules and Regulations. The aviation industry in its quest and commitment for providing safe and reliable commercial air transport is constantly coming up with policies, procedures rules and regulations to be followed by all industry players so as to be able to achieve this. The industry prides itself with being one of the safest modes of transport but is also prone to accidents and thus the need for rules and policies that not only applies to workers and air transport providers but to passengers also as the safety of a passenger is paramount. Air transport providers across the board are more or less in agreement over their commitment to passenger safety by striving to achieve the uppermost levels of safety and performance through a systematic and strategic administration of safety issues. Policies and procedures are fundamental components of any organization in achieving its goals and often provide frameworks for implementation of these policies by the concerned parties within the industry. Aviation mishaps are a pilot’s most terrible nightmare or any passenger who has ever been on a plane. Agencies and organizations both state and private mandated with the task of ensuring safer skies, have established bureaus and databases that constantly work on collection of accident reports, investigations, weather reports, and much more information that can aid them in drawing up policies that ensure their commitment to passenger safety. The industry expects its players to identify, evaluate and handle hazards, impacts and threat from aviation actions, by learning form past experiences. Causes of aviation disasters vary to a great extent depending on particular situations and quandary that may come about at some point in the flight course. Aviation in America is overseen by the Federal Aviation Authority (FAA) which handles a diversity of activities and has to come up with rules, regulations and policies that ensure an efficient and safe travel for passengers. An investigation into each and every accident that takes place is compulsory so as to determine the causes and also facilitate insurance claims and in some instances furnish court cases with evidence. Investigations are usually carried out following an accident to determine the cause. This is carried out by the National Transport Safety Board (NTSB) among other related agencies which then come up with recommendations on policies and guidelines so as to avert future incidents from happening. The agencies mainly accountable for supervising the aviation industry are the FAA and NTSB and are mandated with the supervision and investigation of aircraft crashes. They have put in place regulations and policies on safety principles for aircrew conduct, manufacturers, flight operators and other people related to the aviation industry.   A regulation or policy that helps prevent accidents is the compulsory publishing of comprehensive investigation findings and recommendations and ensuring that a follow up to the proposed findings is undertaken and implemented. Airlines are constantly taking their personnel through trainings and upgrading of their skills and equipping them with safety training. This helps keep workers, from pilots, cabin crew, ground handlers to the air traffic controllers in top shape and skilled to handling incidents that keep on changing with the growth of the aviation sector. Apart from the widely known causes of aircraft disasters such as human errors and mechanical failures, natural causes are also turning out to be more and more alarming in the industry due to the fact that they cannot be controlled, thus the constant emphasis on maintaining updated weather forecast databases. In fact human error is the most common cause of accidents in the aviation industry at about 37% of all accidents (1950-2004) and result in the most fatalities recorded. The NTSB and FAA have set up regulations that pilots should adhere to ensure passenger safety. The NTSB facilitates wide-ranging pilot training tailored to make them able to handle different situations as they emerge in-flight. Pilots who constantly make mistakes such as; faulty maneuvers, lack of planning or are just irresponsible, are discontinued from work. Studies reveal that a good number of pilots experience a rise in heart rate during landing and taking off and usually experience great amounts of pressure d uring flying and they are duty bound to ensure both personal safety and passenger safety on board. In case of pilot heart attacks, the air traffic control and flight crew are required to ensure passenger wellbeing. American law also comes into play on determining who can fly a plane and under what conditions. The law prohibits pilots from drinking alcohol eight hours before a flight as they need to be at their best as concentration level needed is very high. The capability of a pilot to stay alert is prejudiced when he or she is inebriated. It also forbids epileptic people from flying planes due to the extreme effects of a seizure on a pilot. The FAA does not issue licenses to people suffering from epilepsy. The NTSB strives for a pro-active deterrence of catastrophes and occurrences by all key industry players where its one and only objective is to advance passenger and airline safety and not to point blame or liability to other parties. This is through the upgrading of air safety by guaranteeing that appropriate data on safety is reported, compiled, stored, protected and circulated among all industry players. Pilots are required to perform an absolute inspection of the aircraft before they take off to ascertain whether it is in good condition and it is safe to be in the air. This preflight check entails checking gauges and instrument panels and the whole plane so as to ensure utmost passenger safety.   Another point to note is that aviation agencies and airline owner’s insistence on training their pilots and crew on managing engine malfunction in-flight. Engine failure can turn catastrophic in just a few minutes an result in air crashes. Air traffic controllers are also required to be alert and vigilant as they are more or less the same with pilots and any slack may cause accidents. Various airlines have gathered weather reports and are constantly updating them on the changes in weather patterns. These reports are made available to pilots before a flight is undertaken and also pre-flight briefings on how to react and solutions to take in case of any eventuality that may occur are conducted. Its extremely essential that pilots stick to stringent safety standards in order to guarantee maximum level of safety for the aircrafts passengers and crew. â€Å"Pilot training standards vary in terms of their specific course outline, but the following is the accepted and accredited template adopted by commercial airlines within the United States: An airline pilot must have a minimum of 1,500 hours of flight time, including at least 250 hours flying as a pilot in command of an aircraft. Pilots must demonstrate their flying skills to an FAA examiner by performing various types of takeoffs and landings, in-flight maneuvers, and emergency procedures, either in an airplane or a simulator. They must pass a written exam testing their knowledge of aircraft operations, meteorology, navigation, radio communication and other subjects important to flying aircraft in commercial service. Pilots also must pass a medical exam, which includes psychological and aptitude tests†. Wolfe NewMyer (1985) The FAA has a list of guidelines for airlines to adhere to and ensure flight safety, this includes: airline are supposed to provide for enough more time to check in passengers, this is due to the high level of security threats; passengers are not allowed to board planes with certain items such as knives, cutting instruments, ice picks, metal scissors, golf clubs, ski poles and hockey sticks. Some of the reasons that led the NTSB, FAA and other agencies to draw, policies, rules and guidelines that regulate the aviation industry is first and foremost, passenger, crew and airplane safety. Others may include: defective aircraft equipment and mechanical breakdowns, design faults on airplanes- manufacturers of aircraft are accountable for an aviation mishap if the structural design of the aircraft is defective, ensuing in plane crashes, sloppy maintenance of aircraft and refueling, air traffic controllers’ inattention in monitoring airways. All this are also common causes of aviatio n accidents. Reference list: Castro, R (1995) Corporate aviation management. New York, NY: SIU Press. Christy, J . Cook, L. A (1994). American Aviation. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Professional. Federal Aviation Authority, http://www.asias.faa.gov/ Federal Aviation Administration (2008). Federal Aviation Regulations/Aeronautical Information Manual. New York, NY: Skyhorse Publishing Inc. Federal Aviation Administration (2010). Federal Aviation Regulations/Aeronautical Information Manual. New York, NY: Skyhorse Publishing Inc. National Transport Safety Board, http://www.ntsb.gov/ Wolfe, H.P . NewMyer, D. A (1985). Aviation industry regulation. New York, NY: SIU Press.

Celiac Disease - 8765 Words

50 Celiac Disease Dascha C. Weir, MD Ciaran Kelly, MD Celiac disease (CD) is an immune-mediated enteropathy secondary to permanent sensitivity to wheat gluten and related proteins in rye and barley. It results in characteristic histologic changes consisting of inï ¬â€šammation, crypt hyperplasia, and villous atrophy of the small intestine in genetically susceptible individuals. Signiï ¬ cant variability in the clinical presentation of CD in the pediatric population complicates recognition of the disease in many patients. Treatment for CD consists of a lifelong strict gluten-free diet (GFD). Adherence to this diet is associated with resolution of most related signs and symptoms and a decreased risk of related complications. With an†¦show more content†¦A large center in New York City reported that African-Americans comprised 1.3% of their patients with biopsy-proven CD.6 This is likely partially because of genetic differences in these populations. However, given the increasing recognition of CD in non-Caucasian populations internationally, serious consideration should be Compliments of AbbottNutritionHealthInstitute.org given to the possibility of underdiagnosis in minority populations in the United States. CD is being increasingly diagnosed in other parts of the world, involving populations that were not traditionally thought to be affected by the disease. Reports from Mexico, South America, North India, the Middle East, Turkey, and North Africa have changed previous assumptions that CD is a European afï ¬â€šiction.7–15 CD is rare in people of Japanese, Chinese, and purely AfricanCaribbean descent.16 CD is associated with several autoimmune conditions and genetic disorders and often presents atypically or silently in these populations. In children, it is associated with autoimmune thyroid disease and with type I diabetes mellitus with a 7.8 and 4.5% prevalence of CD in affected children.17,18 Up to 7% of patients with a selective IgA deï ¬ ciency also have CD.19 Patients with Trisomy 21, Turner syndrome, and Williams syndrome have also been found to be at higherShow MoreRelatedCeliac Disease955 Words   |  4 PagesCeliac disease: an often missed diagnosis Commonly referred to as wheat allergy, celiac disease is not an allergic disorder; rather it is actually intolerance to gluten, a protein in wheat. It is also known as celiac sprue, nontropical sprue and gluten-sensitive enteropathy. Celiac disease occurs in people who have a genetic susceptibility. It was considered a north European disease initially but now it has a high prevalence in all the continents. In north- India it affects 1 in 200-300 individualsRead MoreCeliac Disease : A Disease2422 Words   |  10 Pages Celiac disease, which is also called coeliac disease, is a genetic autoimmune disease that injures the small intestine. Gluten is a protein that is in some wheat, barley, and rye. It is also a new fad diet and being gluten intolerant is something a majority of the population may claim. However, for those who really have celiac disease it is more serious. In fact, Despite popular belief, celiac disease is a serious genetic autoimmune disease, not the latest fad diet, according to the organizationRead MoreEssay on Celiac Disease1284 Words   |  6 PagesNature of the disease Celiac disease is a fairly common disease but is not very well known. Celiac disease, or celiac sprue, is a digestive condition triggered by consumption of the protein gluten (Hill, Clinical manifestations and diagnosis of celiac disease in children, 2011). Gluten is a protein found in wheat, barley, rye, and oats. People with celiac disease who eat foods containing gluten experience an immune reaction in their small intestines, causing damage to the inner surface of theRead MoreThe Pathophysiology Of Celiac Disease2023 Words   |  9 Pages Celiac disease is a T-cell-mediated, autoimmune, genetic illness that targets the small intestine in which the absorption of nutrients, particularly fats, is impaired. The disease has been described as â€Å"a permanent intolerance to ingested gluten that damages the small intestine, characteristically inducing crypt hyperplasia and villous atrophy, and typically resolves with removal of gluten from the diet.† (AJN 34). Celiac disease appears to be more prevalent in women than in men. Genetic and immuneRead MoreSummary Of Shackled By Celiac Disease Essay1655 Words   |  7 PagesShackled by Celiac Disease As a tear slips down her cheek, five-year-old Addi continues with her hair-raising screams. For two nights now, she has had miserable abdominal pain. Clueless as to why, her helpless mother tries to soothe her frazzled daughter. Switching her diet, checking her stool, watching her closely, mom finds nothing out of the ordinary. So the question remains, what is wrong? Why these sudden sleepless nights? After reading a medical website or paper, you miraculously come to theRead MoreDiagnostic Study On Celiac Disease836 Words   |  4 Pagescomplement the clinical history and physical examination in the patients with gastrointestinal diseases. -Gastrointestinal diseases:  Though iron is absorbed throughout the intestine, it is maximally absorbed in the duodenum. Diseases involving the duodenum – Celiac disease, Crohn’s disease and giardiasis, thereby are important etiologies. Increased gastrointestinal loss as seen in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), cow’s milk protein induced colitis and chronic use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatoryRead MoreTaking a Look at Celiac Disease752 Words   |  3 PagesDigestive diseases range from the occasional upset stomach to the more life-threatening cancers and infections within the liver, the gallbladder, and the pancreas. Most digestive diseases are prevalent in the elderly. Intestinal infections such as gastroenteritis and appendicitis are higher in among infants and children. Other diseases like hemorrhoids, inflammatory bowel disease, and chronic liver disease, occur more commonly among teenagers and middle-aged adults. The celiac disease is a digestiveRead MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of Celiac Disease1068 Words   |  5 Pages Celiac disease (CD) is defined as a chronic autoimmune disorder characterized by small intestine mucosal damage in response to the ingestion of dietary gluten (proteins found in wheat, barley, and rye) in genetically predisposed individuals that improves with strict adherence to a gluten-free diet (Kelly, et al., 2015; Woodward, 2016; Meyer Rosenblum, 2016; Isaac, et al. 2016; Hill, 2016). Ludvigsson, et al. (2013) explain that while the symptoms of celiac disease have been described in medicalRead MoreCeliac Disease : An Autoimmune Disorder1728 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Celiac disease is an autoimmune disorder which is triggered by consumption of a dietary protein called gluten. Celiac disease causes the immune system to react abnormally to gluten. This immune response can lead to damage of the small intestines therefore causing malabsorption of vital nutrients. Gluten is found in wheat, rye, barley and triticale (a cross between wheat and rye). Celiac disease is also referred to as celiac sprue, gluten-sensitivity and non-tropical sprue. Gluten isRead MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of Celiac Disease1701 Words   |  7 PagesCountless plagues, disorders, and diseases have cut many human lives short over the 160 thousand years since Homo sapiens evolved from their ancestors. Since then, human’s increasing knowledge of medical science has allowed for them to thrive for much longer than their primitive predecessors. These conditions have evolved in a costimulatory way with all species throughout life’s evolution, and although some of these s ituations are beneficial (symbiotic) many diseases benefit only one organism at the

Romantic Essay, The Streetcar Named Desire The Catcher In...

The pieces I have chosen to be apart of my portfolio are the Catcher in the Rye essay, the American rebels powerpoint, the Streetcar Named Desire essay and the Catcher In The Rye fishbowl. I chose to include the Catcher in the Rye essay because it showcased my ability to explain in detail quotes from the book and expand on one idea. I also chose this essay because I got an 82% which I believe is a good grade for a hard essay topic such as the symbolism of the ducks. In addition, I chose the Catcher In The Rye fishbowl because it showed my ability to work cooperatively with my peers and actively listen to one another. Overall I earned a 92% on the fishbowl which is an A-. Lastly, I chose the American Rebels project because I did a very good†¦show more content†¦The piece of writing that showcased my ability to write about nonfiction topics and my ability to put research that I found on the internet into my own words is the American Rebel presentation. Along with a powerpoint presentation, I also wrote an essay about Ida B. Wells that in my opinion showed my ability to also be able to write about true life instead of writing about a book. I have progressed as a writer because now I can not only write fiction, but I can also write non-fiction essays as well. One of the parts of the Ida B. Wells essay that I did very well on was my topic sentences and their relation to the body paragraph. With my topic sentences I got straight to the point of what I was going to be talking about, for example, â€Å"Ida can be viewed as a non-conformist because she fought for black rights and illegal torture†. Then I went on to talk about her fight for black rights. The piece of work that showed I am a good listener and my progress as speaker was the Catcher In The Rye fishbowl. During the fishbowl I engaged in conversation multiple times and gave my ideas to the group. I also listened attentively to my peers during the fishbowl and added on to what they were saying . I earned a score of 56/60 for student participates effectively. This included, using time effectively in the fishbowl, three quotes or passages used and student engages in a

Short Critical Reflection Essay Free Essays

Some might say the crime of the 21st century will be white collar. If that is true, what will be the major types of cybercrime? How can we safeguard against it? As technology evolves, and monetary transactions become more commonplace over the internet, it is almost like an invitation is being sent out to give dishonest people an open arena for many types of cybercrimes. Computer viruses have evolved from the Brain, introduced in 1986 as a preventative measure against copying programs on floppy disks, to more dangerous ones today. We will write a custom essay sample on Short Critical Reflection Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Over the years, computer viruses became a tool for criminals targeting internet banking and government websites. † (Groot-2011) Cyber criminals use such things as botnets (cybercrime infrastructures which consist of ‘hijacked’ computers used for illegal activities), phishing (using fake websites or e-mails pretending to be your bank or credit card company to collect your passwords and logins for internet banking), and Trojan, which disguises itself as a useful application, but allows third parties to gain access to personal data on your computer. There are tens of thousands of forms of malware out there, and they can do anything from compromise and wipe out bank accounts to access and threaten top secret government programs. One thing we as users can do is to remember that banks never ask for passwords or pin numbers through email, so if by chance we receive an email asking for this, DELETE it. Another way to safeguard against potential threats is by using security software. â€Å"The best protection is to install a virus protection application on your computer. (Bowles-2010) To help track down cyber delinquents, around 200 CERT (Cyber security and Incident Response Team) teams are in place in 43 countries around the world, which, originally established by the Dutch government, â€Å"doesn’t have investigative powers, but works closely with the police and Public Prosecution Office and uses the expertise of anti-virus companies to limit damage. † (Groot-2011) Our own Department of Justice â€Å"has a Computer C rime and Intellectual Property Section that is responsible for finding those individuals who are abusing the powers of computers and breaking the law. (Bowles-2010) Hopefully, more and more of these types of cyber agencies will emerge and help slow down the instances of cybercrime. Online education has evolved over the last ten years as much as the cell phone. Given this, what have been some of the major improvements and changes in the digital classroom? One of the major improvements in the digital classroom, at least the ones at Ashford, is having the accessibility of online text books. My 19 year old daughter is taking college classes online through another school, and she has to order all of her text books and wait for the mailman to deliver them. More than once, the books have arrived after her class began, which left her so behind in her studies. Online education also offers the benefit of working and studying at our own pace and leisure, while also offering us (students) the ability to connect to learning opportunities anywhere, anytime. Being a mom, I have also noticed how my children’s’ school has started adopting technology in their classrooms; for example, using smart boards instead of the traditional chalkboards that we had in our day. The teachers post homework assignments online, as well as grades, attendance, and schedules. My three high school students email back and forth with their teachers, coaches and musical directors. As stated in our text book, â€Å"Most educators see online learning as essential for the long–term success of their schools. † (Bowles-2010) I am inclined to agree with that, as I see daily interactions between my teenagers and their teachers. In addition, with all the crazy laws out there de-personalizing the school relationships between students and teachers in the school setting, where a simple hand on the shoulder could lead to a teacher’s dismissal, this at least gives students the sense that their teachers view them as important. Technology can fundamentally change the learning process so it’s more engaging and tailored to students’ needs and interests. † (ed. gov-2010) If I post a poem on my Facebook site and someone cuts and pastes it on their site is that a case for stealing my intellectual property? The answer to this lies in anoth er question. Who is the original author? If you post a poem that is the creation of someone else in the first place, (and if you did and it is, you had better give credit to said author! ), then the answer would be a resounding no. Someone else cutting and pasting an already referenced work cannot be considered an act of plagiarism. However, if the poem in question is an original example of your own talent as a poet, then I would say you have a case for that person stealing your intellectual property. That being said, if you post a poem online, then you obviously had intent of sharing it, which anyone proud of their accomplishments would want to do. At the same time, you wouldn’t wish for someone else to take credit for your idea(s). â€Å"One option is the traditional copyright, and another is available from Creative Commons. (Bowles-2010) The traditional copyright gives the originator of innovative creation absolute rights to it, usually for a limited time. It also â€Å"gives the copyright holder the right to be credited for the work, to determine who may adapt the work to other forms, who may perform the work, and who may financially benefit from it. † (Wikipedia-2012) Nevertheless, if the co pyright runs out, the content becomes public domain, where anyone can use, distribute, or otherwise utilize the work, without legal implications. Another alternative is Creative Commons, a nonprofit organization that promotes legal sharing and remixing. â€Å"Authors and artists can submit their work with copyright terms attached, such as â€Å"all rights reserved,† â€Å"some rights reserved,† or â€Å"no rights reserved. † (Bowles-2010) References: Willemien, Groot (2011) Cybercrime is the threat of the future Retrieved from http://www. rnw. nl/english/article/cyber-crime-threat-future ed. gov 11/09/2010 The Digital Transformation in Education: U. S. Secretary of Education Arne Duncan’s remarks at the State Educational Technology Directors Association Education Forum Retrieved from http://www. ed. gov/news/speeches/%E2%80%9C-digital-transformation-education%E2%80%9D-us-secretary-education-arne-duncan Bowles, M. D. (2010) Introduction to computer literacy. San Diego, CA: Bridgepoint Education, Inc Retrieved from https://content. ashford. edu/books/AUINF103. 10. 2/sections/sec8. 1 The United States Department of Justice Computer Crime Intellectual Property Section Retrieved from How to cite Short Critical Reflection Essay, Essay examples

Oligopoly Market Structure in Australia

Question: Discuss about the Oligopoly Market Structure in Australia. Answer: Introduction All the markets in the world are comprised of four market structures; the perfect competition, oligopoly, monopoly and monopolistic. This paper will cover the oligopolistic market structures in Australia and will be useful in determining the outstanding features of these markets. An oligopoly market is one where the sellers are many but there exist some few giants that dominate the whole market. Some of the features expected to be noted are those of differentiation of products, pricing strategies, the nature of competition, etc. There are different industries in Australia that fall under oligopoly structure. Kitney and White (2013) noted that Australian economy is an oligopoly economy. This paper will also be important to the management of such firms to understand their markets structure. Understanding the structure in which a business falls is important in the decision making especially those that influences prices and output. In our case here, we shall find out that the businesses in oligopoly structures may be employing dishonest strategies that helps them be able to gain some market power. The paper shall also determine whether it is more profitable to run an oligopoly business or the other market structures. It will therefore open the mind of some business owners for better decision making Analysis Huge companies will always exist in an economy since some businesses grow faster and depending on the business owners, expansion is experienced faster in some. In Australia, one of the biggest huge companies is the air transport industry. An economys national productivity is not added by big oligopolies. According to Strong (2016), this big businesses inhibit growth by impeding innovators. When oligopoly firms are left to operate on their own, they usually misuse their market power, another oligopoly industry in Australia is that of the telecommunication industry; the dominance by one company has resulted in the Australian economy experiencing the slowest and costliest system ever. This has inhibited innovation and the growth of businesses. In order to manage oligopolies, the competition regulations has to be well-written and well-regulated. In Australia, oligopolies are regulated by the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission (ACCC) (Strong, 2016). The other industries fallin g under oligopoly are the banking and insurance industry (Smith, 2015). Financial resources are some of the barriers that prevents free entrance into an oligopoly markets. There also other government regulations requirements that also act as barriers. The competition on this market is sales-based and not price based (Klijn, 2015). This is because the goods sold by the participant have a high degree of product differentiation. The availability of close substitutes deems it impossible for one participant to raise its own price since consumers will shift their demand to others whose prices are lower. The businesss demand will fall and eventually it will result in losses. To avoid this situation of losing some market share, the participants always avoid raising their prices. However, also, a price decrease does not increase the market share of the firm that uses this strategy since all other firms follows. The firms therefore earn greater profits only by selling more units since they sell at the same price. In an oligopoly competition, the firms decision on its selling strategy affects the decision of all other firms. Thus, there is continuous monitoring of all other participants by every firm. Some of the strategies implemented by the biggest player are aimed at getting some of the small players out of the market. The supermarket industry also falls under oligopoly structure. According to Andrew (2014), the proportion of market share held by Coles and Woolworth is 70 % 80 %. There has been many bad allegations over the operations of the two supermarkets. One is that they are using their market power to buy goods from farmers at very low prices (Andrew, 2014). The Coles and Woolworth has been taken to court owing to some misconducts indicating an abuse of market power. The regulator of National weight and measures fined Coles and Woolworth for the discrepancies between the actual weight of their product and what they has listed on their products. Another example of misconduct by Coles is given by Keating (2014) where Coles is taken to court by Fair Work Ombudsman for unfair treatment of the trolley collectors. Strong noted that all oligopolies are not bad; they are only ba d when they employ poor policies. The greatest problem facing the Australian economy is that the enforcement of competition rules is poor. For instance a firm may undertake an anticompetitive action and be neglectfully be allowed to do so. An example is when a company buys another to slow down competition. E.g. The Bunnings Warehouse purchased the Hardwarehouse. The ACCC permitted this but in the real sense it was meant to reduce competition. The reason why the domination of oligopolies is not good in an economy is that if there is a company tax, only are few companies benefit and thus it doesnt stimulate business expansion (Grudnoff and Richardson, 2017). Recommendations Not only does the domination of oligopolies and poor regulations affect the national productivity, employees, consumers, contractors and the suppliers also suffer. Therefore, efficiency should be improved by equipping the ACCC with the best regulatory tools. The idea of Australia being a home for corporate oligopoly is coming to an end since the digital economy is reducing entrance costs. If entrance costs were reduced and competition regulations enforced efficiently, the oligopoly market structure could be very good for an economy. This market structure is better than the perfect competitive markets since the competition is lower. Conclusion Similar products sell at the same price in an oligopoly market. The participants always avoid price wars. The competition is always on the volume of sales. Oligopoly markets may develop a common strategy (collusion) that will enable them to raise prices together. This is the reason why the regulation by the government is essential in this market. Collusion takes away competition and allows the firm some monopoly power. Future national productivity is determined by small and medium business owners. References Andrew, (2014). Australian Oligopolies. [Online] Blog.adonline.id.au. 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Available at: https://www.theinstoreport.com.au/articles/study-finds-australian-oligopoly-premium [Accessed 10 Apr. 2017]. Smith, M. (2015). The death of the oligopoly: Australia's incumbents face new rivals. [Online] Financial Review. Available at: https://www.afr.com/brand/chanticleer/the-death-of-the-oligopoly-australias-incumbents-face-new-rivals-20150421-1mq11b [Accessed 10 Apr. 2017]. Strong, P. (2016). https://www.smartcompany.com.au/business-advice/legal/why-australias-love-affair-with-oligopolies-needs-to-end/. [Online] Smartcompany.com.au. Available at: https://www.smartcompany.com.au/business-advice/legal/why-australias-love-affair-with-oligopolies-needs-to-end/ [Accessed 10 Apr. 2017].