Research Proposal on Aviation Accidents

Policies, Procedures, Rules and Regulations. The aviation industry in its quest and commitment for providing safe and reliable commercial air transport is constantly coming up with policies, procedures rules and regulations to be followed by all industry players so as to be able to achieve this. The industry prides itself with being one of the safest modes of transport but is also prone to accidents and thus the need for rules and policies that not only applies to workers and air transport providers but to passengers also as the safety of a passenger is paramount. Air transport providers across the board are more or less in agreement over their commitment to passenger safety by striving to achieve the uppermost levels of safety and performance through a systematic and strategic administration of safety issues. Policies and procedures are fundamental components of any organization in achieving its goals and often provide frameworks for implementation of these policies by the concerned parties within the industry. Aviation mishaps are a pilot’s most terrible nightmare or any passenger who has ever been on a plane. Agencies and organizations both state and private mandated with the task of ensuring safer skies, have established bureaus and databases that constantly work on collection of accident reports, investigations, weather reports, and much more information that can aid them in drawing up policies that ensure their commitment to passenger safety. The industry expects its players to identify, evaluate and handle hazards, impacts and threat from aviation actions, by learning form past experiences. Causes of aviation disasters vary to a great extent depending on particular situations and quandary that may come about at some point in the flight course. Aviation in America is overseen by the Federal Aviation Authority (FAA) which handles a diversity of activities and has to come up with rules, regulations and policies that ensure an efficient and safe travel for passengers. An investigation into each and every accident that takes place is compulsory so as to determine the causes and also facilitate insurance claims and in some instances furnish court cases with evidence. Investigations are usually carried out following an accident to determine the cause. This is carried out by the National Transport Safety Board (NTSB) among other related agencies which then come up with recommendations on policies and guidelines so as to avert future incidents from happening. The agencies mainly accountable for supervising the aviation industry are the FAA and NTSB and are mandated with the supervision and investigation of aircraft crashes. They have put in place regulations and policies on safety principles for aircrew conduct, manufacturers, flight operators and other people related to the aviation industry.   A regulation or policy that helps prevent accidents is the compulsory publishing of comprehensive investigation findings and recommendations and ensuring that a follow up to the proposed findings is undertaken and implemented. Airlines are constantly taking their personnel through trainings and upgrading of their skills and equipping them with safety training. This helps keep workers, from pilots, cabin crew, ground handlers to the air traffic controllers in top shape and skilled to handling incidents that keep on changing with the growth of the aviation sector. Apart from the widely known causes of aircraft disasters such as human errors and mechanical failures, natural causes are also turning out to be more and more alarming in the industry due to the fact that they cannot be controlled, thus the constant emphasis on maintaining updated weather forecast databases. In fact human error is the most common cause of accidents in the aviation industry at about 37% of all accidents (1950-2004) and result in the most fatalities recorded. The NTSB and FAA have set up regulations that pilots should adhere to ensure passenger safety. The NTSB facilitates wide-ranging pilot training tailored to make them able to handle different situations as they emerge in-flight. Pilots who constantly make mistakes such as; faulty maneuvers, lack of planning or are just irresponsible, are discontinued from work. Studies reveal that a good number of pilots experience a rise in heart rate during landing and taking off and usually experience great amounts of pressure d uring flying and they are duty bound to ensure both personal safety and passenger safety on board. In case of pilot heart attacks, the air traffic control and flight crew are required to ensure passenger wellbeing. American law also comes into play on determining who can fly a plane and under what conditions. The law prohibits pilots from drinking alcohol eight hours before a flight as they need to be at their best as concentration level needed is very high. The capability of a pilot to stay alert is prejudiced when he or she is inebriated. It also forbids epileptic people from flying planes due to the extreme effects of a seizure on a pilot. The FAA does not issue licenses to people suffering from epilepsy. The NTSB strives for a pro-active deterrence of catastrophes and occurrences by all key industry players where its one and only objective is to advance passenger and airline safety and not to point blame or liability to other parties. This is through the upgrading of air safety by guaranteeing that appropriate data on safety is reported, compiled, stored, protected and circulated among all industry players. Pilots are required to perform an absolute inspection of the aircraft before they take off to ascertain whether it is in good condition and it is safe to be in the air. This preflight check entails checking gauges and instrument panels and the whole plane so as to ensure utmost passenger safety.   Another point to note is that aviation agencies and airline owner’s insistence on training their pilots and crew on managing engine malfunction in-flight. Engine failure can turn catastrophic in just a few minutes an result in air crashes. Air traffic controllers are also required to be alert and vigilant as they are more or less the same with pilots and any slack may cause accidents. Various airlines have gathered weather reports and are constantly updating them on the changes in weather patterns. These reports are made available to pilots before a flight is undertaken and also pre-flight briefings on how to react and solutions to take in case of any eventuality that may occur are conducted. Its extremely essential that pilots stick to stringent safety standards in order to guarantee maximum level of safety for the aircrafts passengers and crew. â€Å"Pilot training standards vary in terms of their specific course outline, but the following is the accepted and accredited template adopted by commercial airlines within the United States: An airline pilot must have a minimum of 1,500 hours of flight time, including at least 250 hours flying as a pilot in command of an aircraft. Pilots must demonstrate their flying skills to an FAA examiner by performing various types of takeoffs and landings, in-flight maneuvers, and emergency procedures, either in an airplane or a simulator. They must pass a written exam testing their knowledge of aircraft operations, meteorology, navigation, radio communication and other subjects important to flying aircraft in commercial service. Pilots also must pass a medical exam, which includes psychological and aptitude tests†. Wolfe NewMyer (1985) The FAA has a list of guidelines for airlines to adhere to and ensure flight safety, this includes: airline are supposed to provide for enough more time to check in passengers, this is due to the high level of security threats; passengers are not allowed to board planes with certain items such as knives, cutting instruments, ice picks, metal scissors, golf clubs, ski poles and hockey sticks. Some of the reasons that led the NTSB, FAA and other agencies to draw, policies, rules and guidelines that regulate the aviation industry is first and foremost, passenger, crew and airplane safety. Others may include: defective aircraft equipment and mechanical breakdowns, design faults on airplanes- manufacturers of aircraft are accountable for an aviation mishap if the structural design of the aircraft is defective, ensuing in plane crashes, sloppy maintenance of aircraft and refueling, air traffic controllers’ inattention in monitoring airways. All this are also common causes of aviatio n accidents. Reference list: Castro, R (1995) Corporate aviation management. New York, NY: SIU Press. Christy, J . Cook, L. A (1994). American Aviation. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Professional. Federal Aviation Authority, http://www.asias.faa.gov/ Federal Aviation Administration (2008). Federal Aviation Regulations/Aeronautical Information Manual. New York, NY: Skyhorse Publishing Inc. Federal Aviation Administration (2010). Federal Aviation Regulations/Aeronautical Information Manual. New York, NY: Skyhorse Publishing Inc. National Transport Safety Board, http://www.ntsb.gov/ Wolfe, H.P . NewMyer, D. A (1985). Aviation industry regulation. New York, NY: SIU Press.

Celiac Disease - 8765 Words

50 Celiac Disease Dascha C. Weir, MD Ciaran Kelly, MD Celiac disease (CD) is an immune-mediated enteropathy secondary to permanent sensitivity to wheat gluten and related proteins in rye and barley. It results in characteristic histologic changes consisting of inï ¬â€šammation, crypt hyperplasia, and villous atrophy of the small intestine in genetically susceptible individuals. Signiï ¬ cant variability in the clinical presentation of CD in the pediatric population complicates recognition of the disease in many patients. Treatment for CD consists of a lifelong strict gluten-free diet (GFD). Adherence to this diet is associated with resolution of most related signs and symptoms and a decreased risk of related complications. With an†¦show more content†¦A large center in New York City reported that African-Americans comprised 1.3% of their patients with biopsy-proven CD.6 This is likely partially because of genetic differences in these populations. However, given the increasing recognition of CD in non-Caucasian populations internationally, serious consideration should be Compliments of AbbottNutritionHealthInstitute.org given to the possibility of underdiagnosis in minority populations in the United States. CD is being increasingly diagnosed in other parts of the world, involving populations that were not traditionally thought to be affected by the disease. Reports from Mexico, South America, North India, the Middle East, Turkey, and North Africa have changed previous assumptions that CD is a European afï ¬â€šiction.7–15 CD is rare in people of Japanese, Chinese, and purely AfricanCaribbean descent.16 CD is associated with several autoimmune conditions and genetic disorders and often presents atypically or silently in these populations. In children, it is associated with autoimmune thyroid disease and with type I diabetes mellitus with a 7.8 and 4.5% prevalence of CD in affected children.17,18 Up to 7% of patients with a selective IgA deï ¬ ciency also have CD.19 Patients with Trisomy 21, Turner syndrome, and Williams syndrome have also been found to be at higherShow MoreRelatedCeliac Disease955 Words   |  4 PagesCeliac disease: an often missed diagnosis Commonly referred to as wheat allergy, celiac disease is not an allergic disorder; rather it is actually intolerance to gluten, a protein in wheat. It is also known as celiac sprue, nontropical sprue and gluten-sensitive enteropathy. Celiac disease occurs in people who have a genetic susceptibility. It was considered a north European disease initially but now it has a high prevalence in all the continents. In north- India it affects 1 in 200-300 individualsRead MoreCeliac Disease : A Disease2422 Words   |  10 Pages Celiac disease, which is also called coeliac disease, is a genetic autoimmune disease that injures the small intestine. Gluten is a protein that is in some wheat, barley, and rye. It is also a new fad diet and being gluten intolerant is something a majority of the population may claim. However, for those who really have celiac disease it is more serious. In fact, Despite popular belief, celiac disease is a serious genetic autoimmune disease, not the latest fad diet, according to the organizationRead MoreEssay on Celiac Disease1284 Words   |  6 PagesNature of the disease Celiac disease is a fairly common disease but is not very well known. Celiac disease, or celiac sprue, is a digestive condition triggered by consumption of the protein gluten (Hill, Clinical manifestations and diagnosis of celiac disease in children, 2011). Gluten is a protein found in wheat, barley, rye, and oats. People with celiac disease who eat foods containing gluten experience an immune reaction in their small intestines, causing damage to the inner surface of theRead MoreThe Pathophysiology Of Celiac Disease2023 Words   |  9 Pages Celiac disease is a T-cell-mediated, autoimmune, genetic illness that targets the small intestine in which the absorption of nutrients, particularly fats, is impaired. The disease has been described as â€Å"a permanent intolerance to ingested gluten that damages the small intestine, characteristically inducing crypt hyperplasia and villous atrophy, and typically resolves with removal of gluten from the diet.† (AJN 34). Celiac disease appears to be more prevalent in women than in men. Genetic and immuneRead MoreSummary Of Shackled By Celiac Disease Essay1655 Words   |  7 PagesShackled by Celiac Disease As a tear slips down her cheek, five-year-old Addi continues with her hair-raising screams. For two nights now, she has had miserable abdominal pain. Clueless as to why, her helpless mother tries to soothe her frazzled daughter. Switching her diet, checking her stool, watching her closely, mom finds nothing out of the ordinary. So the question remains, what is wrong? Why these sudden sleepless nights? After reading a medical website or paper, you miraculously come to theRead MoreDiagnostic Study On Celiac Disease836 Words   |  4 Pagescomplement the clinical history and physical examination in the patients with gastrointestinal diseases. -Gastrointestinal diseases:  Though iron is absorbed throughout the intestine, it is maximally absorbed in the duodenum. Diseases involving the duodenum – Celiac disease, Crohn’s disease and giardiasis, thereby are important etiologies. Increased gastrointestinal loss as seen in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), cow’s milk protein induced colitis and chronic use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatoryRead MoreTaking a Look at Celiac Disease752 Words   |  3 PagesDigestive diseases range from the occasional upset stomach to the more life-threatening cancers and infections within the liver, the gallbladder, and the pancreas. Most digestive diseases are prevalent in the elderly. Intestinal infections such as gastroenteritis and appendicitis are higher in among infants and children. Other diseases like hemorrhoids, inflammatory bowel disease, and chronic liver disease, occur more commonly among teenagers and middle-aged adults. The celiac disease is a digestiveRead MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of Celiac Disease1068 Words   |  5 Pages Celiac disease (CD) is defined as a chronic autoimmune disorder characterized by small intestine mucosal damage in response to the ingestion of dietary gluten (proteins found in wheat, barley, and rye) in genetically predisposed individuals that improves with strict adherence to a gluten-free diet (Kelly, et al., 2015; Woodward, 2016; Meyer Rosenblum, 2016; Isaac, et al. 2016; Hill, 2016). Ludvigsson, et al. (2013) explain that while the symptoms of celiac disease have been described in medicalRead MoreCeliac Disease : An Autoimmune Disorder1728 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Celiac disease is an autoimmune disorder which is triggered by consumption of a dietary protein called gluten. Celiac disease causes the immune system to react abnormally to gluten. This immune response can lead to damage of the small intestines therefore causing malabsorption of vital nutrients. Gluten is found in wheat, rye, barley and triticale (a cross between wheat and rye). Celiac disease is also referred to as celiac sprue, gluten-sensitivity and non-tropical sprue. Gluten isRead MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of Celiac Disease1701 Words   |  7 PagesCountless plagues, disorders, and diseases have cut many human lives short over the 160 thousand years since Homo sapiens evolved from their ancestors. Since then, human’s increasing knowledge of medical science has allowed for them to thrive for much longer than their primitive predecessors. These conditions have evolved in a costimulatory way with all species throughout life’s evolution, and although some of these s ituations are beneficial (symbiotic) many diseases benefit only one organism at the

Romantic Essay, The Streetcar Named Desire The Catcher In...

The pieces I have chosen to be apart of my portfolio are the Catcher in the Rye essay, the American rebels powerpoint, the Streetcar Named Desire essay and the Catcher In The Rye fishbowl. I chose to include the Catcher in the Rye essay because it showcased my ability to explain in detail quotes from the book and expand on one idea. I also chose this essay because I got an 82% which I believe is a good grade for a hard essay topic such as the symbolism of the ducks. In addition, I chose the Catcher In The Rye fishbowl because it showed my ability to work cooperatively with my peers and actively listen to one another. Overall I earned a 92% on the fishbowl which is an A-. Lastly, I chose the American Rebels project because I did a very good†¦show more content†¦The piece of writing that showcased my ability to write about nonfiction topics and my ability to put research that I found on the internet into my own words is the American Rebel presentation. Along with a powerpoint presentation, I also wrote an essay about Ida B. Wells that in my opinion showed my ability to also be able to write about true life instead of writing about a book. I have progressed as a writer because now I can not only write fiction, but I can also write non-fiction essays as well. One of the parts of the Ida B. Wells essay that I did very well on was my topic sentences and their relation to the body paragraph. With my topic sentences I got straight to the point of what I was going to be talking about, for example, â€Å"Ida can be viewed as a non-conformist because she fought for black rights and illegal torture†. Then I went on to talk about her fight for black rights. The piece of work that showed I am a good listener and my progress as speaker was the Catcher In The Rye fishbowl. During the fishbowl I engaged in conversation multiple times and gave my ideas to the group. I also listened attentively to my peers during the fishbowl and added on to what they were saying . I earned a score of 56/60 for student participates effectively. This included, using time effectively in the fishbowl, three quotes or passages used and student engages in a

Short Critical Reflection Essay Free Essays

Some might say the crime of the 21st century will be white collar. If that is true, what will be the major types of cybercrime? How can we safeguard against it? As technology evolves, and monetary transactions become more commonplace over the internet, it is almost like an invitation is being sent out to give dishonest people an open arena for many types of cybercrimes. Computer viruses have evolved from the Brain, introduced in 1986 as a preventative measure against copying programs on floppy disks, to more dangerous ones today. We will write a custom essay sample on Short Critical Reflection Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Over the years, computer viruses became a tool for criminals targeting internet banking and government websites. † (Groot-2011) Cyber criminals use such things as botnets (cybercrime infrastructures which consist of ‘hijacked’ computers used for illegal activities), phishing (using fake websites or e-mails pretending to be your bank or credit card company to collect your passwords and logins for internet banking), and Trojan, which disguises itself as a useful application, but allows third parties to gain access to personal data on your computer. There are tens of thousands of forms of malware out there, and they can do anything from compromise and wipe out bank accounts to access and threaten top secret government programs. One thing we as users can do is to remember that banks never ask for passwords or pin numbers through email, so if by chance we receive an email asking for this, DELETE it. Another way to safeguard against potential threats is by using security software. â€Å"The best protection is to install a virus protection application on your computer. (Bowles-2010) To help track down cyber delinquents, around 200 CERT (Cyber security and Incident Response Team) teams are in place in 43 countries around the world, which, originally established by the Dutch government, â€Å"doesn’t have investigative powers, but works closely with the police and Public Prosecution Office and uses the expertise of anti-virus companies to limit damage. † (Groot-2011) Our own Department of Justice â€Å"has a Computer C rime and Intellectual Property Section that is responsible for finding those individuals who are abusing the powers of computers and breaking the law. (Bowles-2010) Hopefully, more and more of these types of cyber agencies will emerge and help slow down the instances of cybercrime. Online education has evolved over the last ten years as much as the cell phone. Given this, what have been some of the major improvements and changes in the digital classroom? One of the major improvements in the digital classroom, at least the ones at Ashford, is having the accessibility of online text books. My 19 year old daughter is taking college classes online through another school, and she has to order all of her text books and wait for the mailman to deliver them. More than once, the books have arrived after her class began, which left her so behind in her studies. Online education also offers the benefit of working and studying at our own pace and leisure, while also offering us (students) the ability to connect to learning opportunities anywhere, anytime. Being a mom, I have also noticed how my children’s’ school has started adopting technology in their classrooms; for example, using smart boards instead of the traditional chalkboards that we had in our day. The teachers post homework assignments online, as well as grades, attendance, and schedules. My three high school students email back and forth with their teachers, coaches and musical directors. As stated in our text book, â€Å"Most educators see online learning as essential for the long–term success of their schools. † (Bowles-2010) I am inclined to agree with that, as I see daily interactions between my teenagers and their teachers. In addition, with all the crazy laws out there de-personalizing the school relationships between students and teachers in the school setting, where a simple hand on the shoulder could lead to a teacher’s dismissal, this at least gives students the sense that their teachers view them as important. Technology can fundamentally change the learning process so it’s more engaging and tailored to students’ needs and interests. † (ed. gov-2010) If I post a poem on my Facebook site and someone cuts and pastes it on their site is that a case for stealing my intellectual property? The answer to this lies in anoth er question. Who is the original author? If you post a poem that is the creation of someone else in the first place, (and if you did and it is, you had better give credit to said author! ), then the answer would be a resounding no. Someone else cutting and pasting an already referenced work cannot be considered an act of plagiarism. However, if the poem in question is an original example of your own talent as a poet, then I would say you have a case for that person stealing your intellectual property. That being said, if you post a poem online, then you obviously had intent of sharing it, which anyone proud of their accomplishments would want to do. At the same time, you wouldn’t wish for someone else to take credit for your idea(s). â€Å"One option is the traditional copyright, and another is available from Creative Commons. (Bowles-2010) The traditional copyright gives the originator of innovative creation absolute rights to it, usually for a limited time. It also â€Å"gives the copyright holder the right to be credited for the work, to determine who may adapt the work to other forms, who may perform the work, and who may financially benefit from it. † (Wikipedia-2012) Nevertheless, if the co pyright runs out, the content becomes public domain, where anyone can use, distribute, or otherwise utilize the work, without legal implications. Another alternative is Creative Commons, a nonprofit organization that promotes legal sharing and remixing. â€Å"Authors and artists can submit their work with copyright terms attached, such as â€Å"all rights reserved,† â€Å"some rights reserved,† or â€Å"no rights reserved. † (Bowles-2010) References: Willemien, Groot (2011) Cybercrime is the threat of the future Retrieved from http://www. rnw. nl/english/article/cyber-crime-threat-future ed. gov 11/09/2010 The Digital Transformation in Education: U. S. Secretary of Education Arne Duncan’s remarks at the State Educational Technology Directors Association Education Forum Retrieved from http://www. ed. gov/news/speeches/%E2%80%9C-digital-transformation-education%E2%80%9D-us-secretary-education-arne-duncan Bowles, M. D. (2010) Introduction to computer literacy. San Diego, CA: Bridgepoint Education, Inc Retrieved from https://content. ashford. edu/books/AUINF103. 10. 2/sections/sec8. 1 The United States Department of Justice Computer Crime Intellectual Property Section Retrieved from How to cite Short Critical Reflection Essay, Essay examples

Oligopoly Market Structure in Australia

Question: Discuss about the Oligopoly Market Structure in Australia. Answer: Introduction All the markets in the world are comprised of four market structures; the perfect competition, oligopoly, monopoly and monopolistic. This paper will cover the oligopolistic market structures in Australia and will be useful in determining the outstanding features of these markets. An oligopoly market is one where the sellers are many but there exist some few giants that dominate the whole market. Some of the features expected to be noted are those of differentiation of products, pricing strategies, the nature of competition, etc. There are different industries in Australia that fall under oligopoly structure. Kitney and White (2013) noted that Australian economy is an oligopoly economy. This paper will also be important to the management of such firms to understand their markets structure. Understanding the structure in which a business falls is important in the decision making especially those that influences prices and output. In our case here, we shall find out that the businesses in oligopoly structures may be employing dishonest strategies that helps them be able to gain some market power. The paper shall also determine whether it is more profitable to run an oligopoly business or the other market structures. It will therefore open the mind of some business owners for better decision making Analysis Huge companies will always exist in an economy since some businesses grow faster and depending on the business owners, expansion is experienced faster in some. In Australia, one of the biggest huge companies is the air transport industry. An economys national productivity is not added by big oligopolies. According to Strong (2016), this big businesses inhibit growth by impeding innovators. When oligopoly firms are left to operate on their own, they usually misuse their market power, another oligopoly industry in Australia is that of the telecommunication industry; the dominance by one company has resulted in the Australian economy experiencing the slowest and costliest system ever. This has inhibited innovation and the growth of businesses. In order to manage oligopolies, the competition regulations has to be well-written and well-regulated. In Australia, oligopolies are regulated by the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission (ACCC) (Strong, 2016). The other industries fallin g under oligopoly are the banking and insurance industry (Smith, 2015). Financial resources are some of the barriers that prevents free entrance into an oligopoly markets. There also other government regulations requirements that also act as barriers. The competition on this market is sales-based and not price based (Klijn, 2015). This is because the goods sold by the participant have a high degree of product differentiation. The availability of close substitutes deems it impossible for one participant to raise its own price since consumers will shift their demand to others whose prices are lower. The businesss demand will fall and eventually it will result in losses. To avoid this situation of losing some market share, the participants always avoid raising their prices. However, also, a price decrease does not increase the market share of the firm that uses this strategy since all other firms follows. The firms therefore earn greater profits only by selling more units since they sell at the same price. In an oligopoly competition, the firms decision on its selling strategy affects the decision of all other firms. Thus, there is continuous monitoring of all other participants by every firm. Some of the strategies implemented by the biggest player are aimed at getting some of the small players out of the market. The supermarket industry also falls under oligopoly structure. According to Andrew (2014), the proportion of market share held by Coles and Woolworth is 70 % 80 %. There has been many bad allegations over the operations of the two supermarkets. One is that they are using their market power to buy goods from farmers at very low prices (Andrew, 2014). The Coles and Woolworth has been taken to court owing to some misconducts indicating an abuse of market power. The regulator of National weight and measures fined Coles and Woolworth for the discrepancies between the actual weight of their product and what they has listed on their products. Another example of misconduct by Coles is given by Keating (2014) where Coles is taken to court by Fair Work Ombudsman for unfair treatment of the trolley collectors. Strong noted that all oligopolies are not bad; they are only ba d when they employ poor policies. The greatest problem facing the Australian economy is that the enforcement of competition rules is poor. For instance a firm may undertake an anticompetitive action and be neglectfully be allowed to do so. An example is when a company buys another to slow down competition. E.g. The Bunnings Warehouse purchased the Hardwarehouse. The ACCC permitted this but in the real sense it was meant to reduce competition. The reason why the domination of oligopolies is not good in an economy is that if there is a company tax, only are few companies benefit and thus it doesnt stimulate business expansion (Grudnoff and Richardson, 2017). Recommendations Not only does the domination of oligopolies and poor regulations affect the national productivity, employees, consumers, contractors and the suppliers also suffer. Therefore, efficiency should be improved by equipping the ACCC with the best regulatory tools. The idea of Australia being a home for corporate oligopoly is coming to an end since the digital economy is reducing entrance costs. If entrance costs were reduced and competition regulations enforced efficiently, the oligopoly market structure could be very good for an economy. This market structure is better than the perfect competitive markets since the competition is lower. Conclusion Similar products sell at the same price in an oligopoly market. The participants always avoid price wars. The competition is always on the volume of sales. Oligopoly markets may develop a common strategy (collusion) that will enable them to raise prices together. This is the reason why the regulation by the government is essential in this market. Collusion takes away competition and allows the firm some monopoly power. Future national productivity is determined by small and medium business owners. References Andrew, (2014). Australian Oligopolies. [Online] Blog.adonline.id.au. Available at: https://blog.adonline.id.au/oligopolies/ [Accessed 10 Apr. 2017]. Grudnoff, M. and Richardson, D. (2017). Oligopoly money. [Online] The Australia Institute. Available at: https://www.tai.org.au/content/oligopoly-money [Accessed 10 Apr. 2017]. Keating, E. (2014). Coles admits ethical and moral responsibility to trolley collectors in Fair Work undertaking. [Online] Smartcompany.com.au. Available at: https://www.smartcompany.com.au/business-advice/legal/coles-admits-ethical-and-moral-responsibility-to-trolley-collectors-in-fair-work-undertaking/ [Accessed 10 Apr. 2017]. Kitney, D. and White, A. (2013). We are an oligopoly economy: Robb. [Online] Theaustralian.com.au. Available at: https://www.theaustralian.com.au/business/companies/we-are-an-oligopoly-economy-robb/news-story/606fcf2f0e789689d39fd40f19b8a1e9 [Accessed 10 Apr. 2017]. Klijn, W. (2015). Study finds Australian oligopoly premium. [Online] Theinstoreport.com.au. Available at: https://www.theinstoreport.com.au/articles/study-finds-australian-oligopoly-premium [Accessed 10 Apr. 2017]. Smith, M. (2015). The death of the oligopoly: Australia's incumbents face new rivals. [Online] Financial Review. Available at: https://www.afr.com/brand/chanticleer/the-death-of-the-oligopoly-australias-incumbents-face-new-rivals-20150421-1mq11b [Accessed 10 Apr. 2017]. Strong, P. (2016). https://www.smartcompany.com.au/business-advice/legal/why-australias-love-affair-with-oligopolies-needs-to-end/. [Online] Smartcompany.com.au. Available at: https://www.smartcompany.com.au/business-advice/legal/why-australias-love-affair-with-oligopolies-needs-to-end/ [Accessed 10 Apr. 2017].

Parole and Its Impact on Prison Systems in America Essay Sample free essay sample

Eight old ages into the 21stcentury and offense rate every bit good as prison overcrowding in the United States penitentiary system are now major issues that need to be addressed shortly. There is no demand to work in the Justice Department or be an inmate in order for one to sympathize with captives every bit good as those who are traveling in and out of gaol. Prison overcrowding every bit good as the demand to control offense rate can be greatly affected by one prison plan and it is the system of giving word every bit good as in revoking it. There is a demand to happen out what are the necessary stairss that can be done to better the said plan. This survey takes a closer expression into the job of word and its relationship with prison overcrowding and controling offense rate. This can be done by looking at the how the public perceive the parole plan and how it works in the existent universe. We will write a custom essay sample on Parole and Its Impact on Prison Systems in America Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Part of the paper will cover with overcrowding and how this has become a conundrum for many functionaries. And so this survey will analyze the chain-reaction of events that resulted from the interaction of three factors parole plan. overcrowded prisons. and release of ex-convicts from gaol. Overcrowded In a state full of chances. where every citizen is free to prosecute his or her dreams. it is a mystifier why U. S. prisons are full of people to the point that it is bing the authorities so much more to keep them. While gaol cells are packed with work forces there is no grounds to demo that this pattern of directing felons to the can so to talk is altering American society for the better. In fact it can be said that America has a high offense rate. It is at this point when Americans are demanding for exceeding plans that will non merely lessen offense but besides to turn to the overcrowding issue. And there is no other plan that can hit two birds with one rock but the parole system. But before traveling any farther it is of import to to the full understand the job of overcrowding and why it is imperative to hold an effectual word plan. In the book about American gaol systems one can happen the undermentioned disturbing informatin â€Å"In 2003. 22 provinces and the federal prison system reported operating at or above capacity. The federal system was estimated to be runing above 39 per centum. and overall the province systems were runing at 14 per centum above capacity† ( Clear. Cole. A ; Reisig. 2005. p. 467 ) . One has to pay attending that overcrowding is non a job of one or a few provinces. it is a job across America. It is non difficult to conceive of that prison staff are overstressed and one admirations if rehabilitation or rectification of condemnable behaviour has occurred or happening in these prisons. Michael Jacobson is the former Commissioner of the New York City Department of Correction. It is considered as the largest metropolis gaol system in the U. S. and while Jacobson was still connected there he provided statistics that will clearly exemplify the job and he said. â€Å"The United States now locks up a higher per centum of its population than any state in the universe. The more than 2 million people who are incarcerated today make up approximately eight times the figure in 1975† ( Jacobson. 2005. p. 8 ) . Two million people can easy fill-up an mean size metropolis and one can merely conceive of the cost of keeping U. S. gaols. Overcrowding is the consequence of tougher Torahs and the logical reply to increasing offense rates and accustomed wrongdoers who may hold exploited less terrible punishments in the yesteryear. It was believed that the longer the clip spent behind bars the more thorough is the rehabilitation and that clip is adequate to interrupt the most hard-boiled felons. Measuring the current jobs that plague prisons. Joycelyn M. Pollock explained why there is a tendency for increasing Numberss of inmates and she remarked: Even every bit late as 1968. 23 provinces had legislative acts that authorised life imprisonment for accustomed wrongdoers who had antecedently been convicted of certain specified discourtesies [ †¦ ] these â€Å"new† condemning Torahs have the possible to worsen already badly overcrowded prison conditions while at the same time making more jobs for province and federal authoritiess. condemnable justness bureaus. and prison decision makers ( 1997. p. 62 ) . Need for Parole There is mounting grounds that will demo that it is counterproductive to add more figure into an already tightly-packed installation. Riots are merely one of the possible effects. Another would be the hardening of felons alternatively of the expected contrary procedure. This is because alternatively of supplying a topographic point where one finds a reprieve from a life of offense these people are forced to move like goons within the claustrophobic environments of gaols – some will even kill in order to protect themselves or set up order in the thick of pandemonium. Mark Colvin argued that gaol clip is supposed to rehabilitate wrongdoers. It is now high clip to re-examine a prison plan that can instantly turn to the job of overcrowding while besides sing the fact that it must move as a screen to allow unsafe felons stay while taking those who had shown effects of rehabilitation. Most significantly the word system must deliver first clip wrongdoers from those who will try to act upon them to fall in their condemnable organisation when those with lighter sentences gets out of at that place. Before traveling any farther the word system is defined as: †¦the conditional release from prison before the terminal of sentence. Peoples on word ( called probationers ) remain under supervising until the terminal of a fixed term. and they usually have important and rigorous conditions they must follow with to stay at autonomy. Probationers are supervised by parole section officers ; the word section is normally an arm of the province prison bureau ( Bergman. 2006. p. 559 ) . It is now clear that the word system is under the authorization of the prison system. This means that the work of the parole officer does non get down when the ex-convict was already out on the streets ; it begins within the walls of prison. And so an effectual word system will be able to place those who are meriting of word. This will of class consequence in cut downing the figure of people that are incarcerated. And so this will in bend resulted in cut downing the work load of prison staff every bit good as the current inmates who may hold to portion more than prison installations but besides clip needed to speak to counsellors and other prison workers. In other words prisons can be easy managed and there is less hazard of holding public violences in U. S. prisons. There will be less figure of immature and first clip wrongdoers that will be transformed into a hard-boiled felon as opposed to being rehabilitated. This will besides intend cut downing costs that in bend will make more financess that can be diverted for more of import plans such as in instruction or health care. But there is a demand to pass the current parole plan and one of the more of import stairss in this way there is a call for a serious appraisal of the function of parole officers in the said capable affair. Failing of the Program The failing of the word system is made apparent by the undermentioned observations: 1 ) there is a important figure of probationers sent back to prison and 2 ) there is much to be desired in the procedure of allowing word to those who deserve to be out on conditional release. Jacobson pointed out the ground for the inefficiency of the word system: Virtually no 1 in authorities can pass money like a parole officer [ †¦ ] who has no budget to command and may work in a cramped and overcrowded office in a rundown edifice in a rundown portion of town. He or she may hold small or no entree to plans or intervention for probationers and may gain much less than a rectification or police officer ( 2005. p. 132 ) . It is a admiration why for so many old ages the policy shapers are unmindful to the demands of a parole officer. It can be likened to an employer who may non wish the thought of paying good wages to his employees and so they rebel against the ill-treatment by fiddling in their occupations. When a parole officer gets overworked and when their morale are perilously low they would non hold the forbearance to happen a manner to assist those who are meriting word. And one time they get a few out of gaol they will hold a really difficult clip assisting probationers stay out of gaol. This is simple mathematics. intending it is merely a affair of common sense. It can be argued that it is easy to acquire inside the prison but it is much harder to populate outdoors as an ex-convict. This is when the active and passionate engagement of parole officers is much needed. But how can they make it if they do non hold the resources and they are really much lacking in the human resource section. A parole officer is more than a rigorous supervisor but in fact should go more of a counsellor who has to work from the bosom. giving more than adept advice. They will hold to walk the excess stat mi to assist those who may experience there is no hope and that their lone option is to go a professional felon. But harmonizing to Jacobson the federal authorities is non assisting them and he remarked. â€Å"†¦parole officers have no ability to oblige parole bureaus to pass extra fund on less expensive word services such as drug intervention. occupation preparation plans. or extra officers to take down caseloads† ( 2005. p. 132 ) . Now. here is another failing of the word system. It is difficult for policymakers to see it as more than a watchdog. There must now be a realisation that the word system can be expanded into a complete bundle that continues the rehabilitation procedure even beyond the penitentiary system. Herivel and Wright besides pointed out another job that requires immediate attending and they wrote that aside from highly rigorous Torahs such as that chronic unemployment is adequate land for being sent back to the can ; â€Å"At the same clip. services to assist probationers reenter society are scarce. and Torahs protecting ex-offenders from lodging and employment favoritism are virtually non-existent† ( 2003. p. 101 ) . There is clearly a demand to better the word system in America. Decision There is now a great blare to work out the job of overcrowded prison and one of the major ways to make this is the effectual usage of the word system. But the word system together with its word officers is holding a difficult clip making their occupation. As a consequence there are many who are being sent back to prison even without perpetrating serious offense but merely because they have violated some really rigorous conditions of word. There is a demand to increase resources available to parole officers. And a good start would be to increase their wages. There is besides a demand to spread out the word system to do it an extension of the rehabilitation procedure so that probationers can go on to remain on a consecutive way to wellness and a life free of offense. Reference List Bergman. P. ( 2006 ) .The Criminal Law Handbook: Know Your Rights. Survive the System.Calcium: Nollo Books. Clear. T. . G. Cole. A ; Reisig. M. ( 2005 ) .American Corrections.Belmont CA: Thomson Higher Education. Colvin. M. ( 1992 ) .The Penitentiary in Crisis: From Accomodation to Riot in New Mexico.New York: State University of New York Press. Herivel. T. A ; P. Wright. ( 2003 ) .Prison State: The Warehousing of America’s Poor.New York: Routledge. Jacobson. M. ( 2005 ) .Downsizing Prisons: How to Reduce Crime and End Mass Incarceration. New York: New York University Press. Pollock. J. ( 1997 ) .Prisons: Today and Tomorrow.Boston: Jones and Bartlett Publishers.

A Technique Used in Problem and Solution Essay Topics

A Technique Used in Problem and Solution Essay TopicsQuestioning your thoughts and ideas in a way that you would not normally do, or turning that into a question that you would not usually ask, is a technique used in the practice of problem and solution essay topics. Many students get stuck trying to think through their ideas and develop solutions. Some are better at this task than others, but when most students enter college and start a college course, they will be faced with a problem and solution essay topic. If you are looking for a way to challenge yourself and turn the process of writing a college course into an exercise, then this strategy is one to consider.In this article, I will describe the common theme of these problems and solutions. I will try to draw your attention to what the author is aiming to do, and help you determine whether you can solve it or not. Please remember that if you are going to try this approach, you should be prepared to give up some flexibility. It is very easy to give up on a major part of your answer because you have already thrown out a lot of information. If you keep the tone of the essay simple and go through the problem section step by step, you will find the whole process much easier.There are many techniques for writing a problem and solution essay, but the first thing you need to do is to identify a problem. In this case, let's use mathematics. You have a number of numbers written on a piece of paper, and then some more numbers in a different color. The writer needs to determine which number should be the one you are supposed to take, so she can figure out the solution. In this situation, the problem, and the solution that will be given will be the same.This is a good example of how the problem can be turned into a method. The writer will be able to put her thoughts and ideas into a method, and that method will give you an answer. Aswe go through a problem and solution essay, the writer has to identify different ideas , and form those ideas into a method. She will also have to identify several different problems, and figure out a method to solve each problem. She has to figure out ways to solve problems so she can build up to a solution.Once you identify a problem, there are several methods to solve that problem. In this case, you are dealing with a number and figuring out what number is the one you are supposed to take. Most people solve this problem by using the 'trick'. The trick is to leave out certain details, such as the fact that you do not know how to divide a number by zero. Instead, you use a step and a fraction. The trick will allow you to solve the problem.You will have to think about whether you can actually use the method, and what you will do once you have done so. Do you know that by solving the problem, you will be able to prove the fact that you can't divide a number by zero? Some people will use this to prove the fact that you cannot multiply two numbers without losing the rema inder, and this seems like a difficult feat.A problem and solution essay can provide insight into the challenges you will face in college. You will come up with strategies and possible methods to solve the problem, and you will be able to work out a problem that will build your knowledge and skills. This will be much easier for you when you identify a problem first, and figure out how to solve it.